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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Scheinbare Größe</span></h1>
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<p>Als <b>scheinbare Größe</b> oder <b>scheinbarer Durchmesser</b> eines Objekts wird in der <a href="Astronomie" title="Astronomie">Astronomie</a> die geometrische Ausdehnung der beobachteten Erscheinung am Himmel bezeichnet. Sie entspricht dem Winkel, unter dem der Umriss eines Gegenstandes den Beobachtenden an ihrem Standpunkt erscheint, dem jeweiligen <b>Gesichtswinkel</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> auch <a href="Sehwinkel" title="Sehwinkel">Sehwinkel</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> genannt. Die Winkelausdehnung hängt von der tatsächlichen Größe des Objekts und dessen Entfernung vom Betrachter ab. Die Abbildung des Gegenstandes auf der <a href="Netzhaut" title="Netzhaut">Netzhaut</a> (retinales Bild) im Auge wird außerdem durch brechende Medien wie die <a href="Linse_(Auge)" title="Linse (Auge)">Augenlinse</a> bestimmt – beziehungsweise durch zusätzliche optische Systeme vor dem Auge, die den Sehwinkel künstlich vergrößern, wie die eines <a href="Feldstecher" class="mw-redirect" title="Feldstecher">Feldstechers</a> oder eines <a href="Leviathan_(Teleskop)" title="Leviathan (Teleskop)">Teleskops</a>.
</p><p>Unter ansonsten gleichen Bedingungen erscheinen Objekte gleicher <a href="Abmessung" class="mw-redirect" title="Abmessung">Abmessungen</a> in verschiedenen Entfernungen unterschiedlich groß. Objekte unterschiedlicher Maße können gleich groß erscheinen, wenn sie unter gleichen Sehwinkeln auf der <a href="Netzhaut" title="Netzhaut">Netzhaut</a> abgebildet werden. Wie Betrachtende die scheinbare Größe in der Wahrnehmung interpretieren, hängt wesentlich mit ihrer <a href="Perspektive" title="Perspektive">Perspektive</a> und <a href="Raumwahrnehmung#Relative_Größe" title="Raumwahrnehmung">Raumwahrnehmung</a> zusammen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abmessung_und_scheinbare_Größe"><span id="Abmessung_und_scheinbare_Gr.C3.B6.C3.9Fe"></span>Abmessung und scheinbare Größe</h2></div>

<p>Nebenstehende Abbildung verdeutlicht den Zusammenhang zwischen scheinbarer Größe&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span>, <a href="Abstand" title="Abstand">Entfernung</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> (<b>Betrachtungsabstand</b>) und den tatsächlichen <a href="Abmessung" class="mw-redirect" title="Abmessung">Abmessungen</a>&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> eines Objekts. Es lässt sich daraus folgende Beziehung zwischen den drei Größen ableiten:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan {\frac {\alpha }{2}}={\frac {\frac {g}{2}}{r}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mfrac>
<mi>g</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan {\frac {\alpha }{2}}={\frac {\frac {g}{2}}{r}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70cbeb8a9e4ef49f40cd733dec14e0dfeddbf785.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.663ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan {\frac {\alpha }{2}}={\frac {\frac {g}{2}}{r}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und somit für den Winkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =2\,\arctan \left({\frac {g}{2\,r}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =2\,\arctan \left({\frac {g}{2\,r}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/63019d552a8788de9100d2c1b5909e8ef8d0a9b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:19.199ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =2\,\arctan \left({\frac {g}{2\,r}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In der <a href="Geod%C3%A4sie" title="Geodäsie">Geodäsie</a> kann mittels eines Objekts mit genormter Größe, beispielsweise einer senkrecht zur Blickrichtung aufgestellten <a href="Basislatte" title="Basislatte">Basislatte</a>, aus der scheinbaren Größe die Entfernung berechnet werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r={\frac {g}{2\,\tan {\tfrac {\alpha }{2}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r={\frac {g}{2\,\tan {\tfrac {\alpha }{2}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c74386c1b24c2428b5386356f246c21e32a18d6b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:12.555ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r={\frac {g}{2\,\tan {\tfrac {\alpha }{2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>In der <a href="Astronomie" title="Astronomie">Astronomie</a> ergibt sich bei bekanntem Abstand eines Objekts dessen ungefähre wahre <a href="Abmessung" class="mw-redirect" title="Abmessung">Ausdehnung</a> quer zur Sichtlinie
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g=2\,r\,\tan {\frac {\alpha }{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>r</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g=2\,r\,\tan {\frac {\alpha }{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1102e4e159d42b00a173c2317fd82cccf5537767.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.657ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g=2\,r\,\tan {\frac {\alpha }{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für kleine Winkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle <1^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle &lt;1^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d24d7e43802381890367ec7af099c943a0edd03b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.67ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle <1^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt die <a href="Kleinwinkeln%C3%A4herung" title="Kleinwinkelnäherung">Kleinwinkelnäherung</a>, im <a href="Bogenma%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogenmaß">Bogenmaß</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle x\approx \tan x\approx \sin x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle x\approx \tan x\approx \sin x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe0ffd13bbc14b6f4add4ac68f71628172884e48.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:17.175ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle x\approx \tan x\approx \sin x}" loading="lazy"></span>, so dass in Winkelminuten gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha \approx {\frac {10800'\cdot g}{\pi \cdot r}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>10800</mn>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha \approx {\frac {10800'\cdot g}{\pi \cdot r}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed82cad7e9c1d4d908c2d7483422aaaaa4f5e1d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.714ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha \approx {\frac {10800'\cdot g}{\pi \cdot r}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Der Fehler beträgt bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =1^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =1^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14dee83cac12ec1393ca32890d71d12c4d7c049c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.803ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =1^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> nur 0,4″ (1,7·10<sup>−6</sup>&nbsp;rad oder 0,001&nbsp;%), bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =6^{\prime }=0{,}1^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>6</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′<!-- ′ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =6^{\prime }=0{,}1^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5ff05cf7ed5a1232def98f209f9d32a22b85fdb2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.558ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =6^{\prime }=0{,}1^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> nur noch 0,004″ (2·10<sup>−9</sup>&nbsp;rad oder 0,0001&nbsp;%).
</p><p>Für ein <a href="Kugel" title="Kugel">kugelförmiges Objekt</a>, dessen Durchmesser <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Abstand zum Kugelmittelpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, gilt die abweichende Formel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \alpha =2\arcsin({\frac {g}{2\,r}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>arcsin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \alpha =2\arcsin({\frac {g}{2\,r}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c1ea31c0c331b77228ae6f85bf2fe75e838c2739.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:16.694ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \alpha =2\arcsin({\frac {g}{2\,r}})}" loading="lazy"></span>, denn in dem Dreieck liegt der rechte Winkel nicht am Mittelpunkt, sondern am Berührpunkt der Tangente. Der Unterschied verschwindet für kleine Winkel.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vertikaler_und_horizontaler_Sehwinkel">Vertikaler und horizontaler Sehwinkel</h2></div>
<p>In der <a href="Fotografie" title="Fotografie">Fotografie</a> verwendet man den vertikalen und den horizontalen Sehwinkel eines Gegenstands. Den vertikalen Sehwinkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/336222dbd5bd6461cfcb38e7785e838d03c378bb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.974ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}}" loading="lazy"></span> eines Gegenstands definiert man, indem man dem vom Auge fixierten Gegenstand ein waagrecht liegendes Rechteck umschreibt, dann die beiden vom Auge ausgehenden Strahlen zu den Endpunkten der senkrechten Strecke durch den Rechtecksmittelpunkt zieht und den Winkel zwischen diesen Strahlen bestimmt. Analog ist der horizontale Sehwinkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fc88ec37e530980679a6f0c4b61b652d38dd227d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.123ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Winkel zwischen den beiden Strahlen vom Auge zu den Endpunkten der waagrechten Strecke durch den Rechtecksmittelpunkt.
</p>

<p>Wählt man das kartesische Koordinatensystem, dessen Ursprung im Mittelpunkt des Rechtecks liegt, dessen y- und z-Achse die vertikale und horizontale Symmetrieachse des Rechtecks bilden und bei dem sich der Betrachter im Halbraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x&gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80d24be5f0eb4a9173da6038badc8659546021d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x>0}" loading="lazy"></span> befindet, so lassen sich diese beiden Sehwinkel für das Rechteck mit der vertikalen Seitenlänge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{v}=2\gamma _{v}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{v}=2\gamma _{v}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/148f003394b3a207fd9622be51e5eabe76f432ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.351ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{v}=2\gamma _{v}}" loading="lazy"></span> und der horizontalen Seitenlänge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{h}=2\gamma _{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{h}=2\gamma _{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7df92800690ce8fba60c56c49eaacd6ef07be7fb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.65ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{h}=2\gamma _{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> für einen beliebigen Beobachterpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x,y,z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x,y,z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22a8c93372e8f8b6e24d523bd5545aed3430baf4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.45ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x,y,z)}" loading="lazy"></span> trigonometrisch bestimmen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}=\arctan {\frac {\gamma _{v}-y}{\sqrt {x^{2}+z^{2}}}}-\arctan {\frac {-\gamma _{v}-y}{\sqrt {x^{2}+z^{2}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}=\arctan {\frac {\gamma _{v}-y}{\sqrt {x^{2}+z^{2}}}}-\arctan {\frac {-\gamma _{v}-y}{\sqrt {x^{2}+z^{2}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d4a7e2c44fd18d731b73d7b226f02da65c78b9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:42.677ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}=\arctan {\frac {\gamma _{v}-y}{\sqrt {x^{2}+z^{2}}}}-\arctan {\frac {-\gamma _{v}-y}{\sqrt {x^{2}+z^{2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}=\arctan {\frac {\gamma _{h}-z}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}-\arctan {\frac {-\gamma _{h}-z}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}=\arctan {\frac {\gamma _{h}-z}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}-\arctan {\frac {-\gamma _{h}-z}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca35c03ef3159ad996516a5ff5e285baabdf3af0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:42.966ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}=\arctan {\frac {\gamma _{h}-z}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}-\arctan {\frac {-\gamma _{h}-z}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Auf Grund der Rotationssymmetrie des Funktionsgraphen des vertikalen Sehwinkels <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}(x,y,z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}(x,y,z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0dee44d7975ad283bc01a4e026d79bd6ba871214.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.424ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}(x,y,z)}" loading="lazy"></span> bei der Drehung um die y-Achse (Zylindersymmetrie) kann dessen Untersuchung auf die x,y-Ebene eingeschränkt werden. Für die Sehwinkelfunktionen als Funktionen nur der Ebenenkoordinaten x und y erhält man die folgenden Terme und die in den Abbildungen dargestellten Funktionsgraphen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}=\arctan {\frac {\gamma _{v}-y}{x}}-\arctan {\frac {-\gamma _{v}-y}{x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}=\arctan {\frac {\gamma _{v}-y}{x}}-\arctan {\frac {-\gamma _{v}-y}{x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e3923177f7f0370beab0d3cc67e2faa8b14cfb5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:37.559ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}=\arctan {\frac {\gamma _{v}-y}{x}}-\arctan {\frac {-\gamma _{v}-y}{x}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}=2\,\arctan {\frac {\gamma _{h}}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}=2\,\arctan {\frac {\gamma _{h}}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5986735c8cd495eaf1919279dac9d62a3a3b9f97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:24.61ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}=2\,\arctan {\frac {\gamma _{h}}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>


<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maximale_Sehwinkel_eines_Gegenstandes_für_eine_Kamera"><span id="Maximale_Sehwinkel_eines_Gegenstandes_f.C3.BCr_eine_Kamera"></span>Maximale Sehwinkel eines Gegenstandes für eine Kamera</h2></div>
<p>Für die vollständige und scharfe Abbildung eines fest vorgegebenen Objekts mittels einer Kamera ist der Kamerastandort auf einen Zulässigkeitsbereich&nbsp;Z eingeschränkt. Dieser Bereich&nbsp;Z wird durch vier Ungleichungen beschrieben, in welche die Kameraparameter eingehen:
</p>
<ol><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}(x,y,z)\leq \alpha _{v}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}(x,y,z)\leq \alpha _{v}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b5da596b661a2e0b6413ecb19c5c6e26136ba12c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.04ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}(x,y,z)\leq \alpha _{v}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}(x,y,z)\leq \alpha _{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}(x,y,z)\leq \alpha _{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a4397a562192c82546c322e87af1156c41308e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.339ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}(x,y,z)\leq \alpha _{h}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho (x,y,z)={\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}}\geq d=g_{\text{min}}-f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>min</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho (x,y,z)={\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}}\geq d=g_{\text{min}}-f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66b0484ac6d3b17fd4b79211689bd13f9a79fa1c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:42.112ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho (x,y,z)={\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}}\geq d=g_{\text{min}}-f}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x&gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80d24be5f0eb4a9173da6038badc8659546021d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x>0}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li></ol>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{v}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{v}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/428b8c2b694e64a025c405eabf5205d6552acd1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.517ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{v}}" loading="lazy"></span> der vertikale Bildwinkel, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/beed7cd911d8bb76ecc6aa86918bd52c426f9e00.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.667ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> der horizontale Bildwinkel, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{\text{min}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>min</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{\text{min}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6084f16d98604c542cd55a992bfd605fb5e5c395.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.082ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{\text{min}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der minimale Objektabstand und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> die fest fixierte Brennweite der Kamera sind.
</p>

<p>Sucht man in diesem Bereich Z einen Standort, in dem der vertikale Sehwinkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/336222dbd5bd6461cfcb38e7785e838d03c378bb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.974ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. der horizontale Sehwinkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fc88ec37e530980679a6f0c4b61b652d38dd227d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.123ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> des Objekts für die Kamera maximal ist, so liefert dies jeweils ein nichtlineares Optimierungsproblem, dessen Zielfunktion durch den zu maximierenden Sehwinkel und dessen Zulässigkeitsbereich durch Z gegeben ist. Will man dagegen für eine auf einem <a href="Kamerakran" title="Kamerakran">Kamerakran</a> montierte Kamera einen Standort finden, in dem sowohl der vertikale als auch der horizontale Sehwinkel maximal sind, so führt dies auf die Lösung des Maximierungsproblems, bei dem beide Sehwinkel als Zielfunktionen simultan maximiert werden („multikriterielle Optimierung“).
</p><p>Beschränkt man sich bei der simultanen Maximierung beider Sehwinkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/336222dbd5bd6461cfcb38e7785e838d03c378bb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.974ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{v}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fc88ec37e530980679a6f0c4b61b652d38dd227d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.123ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf die x,y-Ebene, so wird der Rand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b588abc47ef94a909379fa11ec86c616cf61fe5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial Z}" loading="lazy"></span> des Zulässigkeitsbereichs <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span> durch zwei der folgenden drei Kreisbögen gebildet:
</p>
<ol><li>K<sub>d</sub>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=\pm f_{d}(x)=\pm {\sqrt {d^{2}-x^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>d</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y=\pm f_{d}(x)=\pm {\sqrt {d^{2}-x^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0f7acd42ca74b877537657c237d8218fa0ab2ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.159ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=\pm f_{d}(x)=\pm {\sqrt {d^{2}-x^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li></ul></li>
<li>K<sub>h</sub>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=\pm f_{h}(x)=\pm {\sqrt {\eta _{h}^{2}-x^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msubsup>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y=\pm f_{h}(x)=\pm {\sqrt {\eta _{h}^{2}-x^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00a99db3e82eebb25d8af52d799c81f9f0000df3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:26.309ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=\pm f_{h}(x)=\pm {\sqrt {\eta _{h}^{2}-x^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li></ul></li>
<li>K<sub>v</sub>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=\pm f_{v}(x)=\pm {\sqrt {r_{v}^{2}-(x-x_{v})^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y=\pm f_{v}(x)=\pm {\sqrt {r_{v}^{2}-(x-x_{v})^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c572359a28b65b00367a027bd289b1dc17e43adb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:32.936ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=\pm f_{v}(x)=\pm {\sqrt {r_{v}^{2}-(x-x_{v})^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</li></ul></li></ol>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{h}=\gamma _{h}/\tan(\alpha _{h}/2),w_{v}=\tan \alpha _{v},x_{v}=\gamma _{v}/w_{v},r_{v}=\gamma _{v}\cdot (1+w_{v}^{2})^{1/2},\xi _{v}=x_{v}+r_{v}=\gamma _{v}/\tan(\alpha _{v}/2),\quad 0<\alpha _{h},\alpha _{v}<\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{h}=\gamma _{h}/\tan(\alpha _{h}/2),w_{v}=\tan \alpha _{v},x_{v}=\gamma _{v}/w_{v},r_{v}=\gamma _{v}\cdot (1+w_{v}^{2})^{1/2},\xi _{v}=x_{v}+r_{v}=\gamma _{v}/\tan(\alpha _{v}/2),\quad 0&lt;\alpha _{h},\alpha _{v}&lt;\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5ba9ef4e361d0db355197b26bbd87a400a1b3fa5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:115.168ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{h}=\gamma _{h}/\tan(\alpha _{h}/2),w_{v}=\tan \alpha _{v},x_{v}=\gamma _{v}/w_{v},r_{v}=\gamma _{v}\cdot (1+w_{v}^{2})^{1/2},\xi _{v}=x_{v}+r_{v}=\gamma _{v}/\tan(\alpha _{v}/2),\quad 0<\alpha _{h},\alpha _{v}<\pi }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>

<p>Für die Bestimmung des Optimalitätsbereichs O<sub>s</sub> der simultanen Maximierung beider Sehwinkel ε<sub>v</sub> und ε<sub>h</sub> sind die drei Fälle I) 0 &lt; α<sub>v</sub> &lt; π/2, II) α<sub>v</sub> = π/2, III) π/2 &lt; α<sub>v</sub> &lt; π und dazu jeweils noch die Unterfälle zu unterscheiden, wie der Radius R:= max{d,η<sub>h</sub>} zu den anderen beiden Parametern γ<sub>v</sub> und ξ<sub>v</sub> liegt. Im Fall I) mit γ<sub>v</sub> &lt; ξ<sub>v</sub> sind dies die Unterfälle 1) R ≤ γ<sub>v</sub>, 2) γ<sub>v</sub> &lt; R &lt; ξ<sub>v</sub> und 3) R ≥ ξ<sub>v</sub>. Beispielsweise besteht in dem in der Praxis hauptsächlich auftretenden und in der Abbildung dargestellten Fall I.2) der Optimalitätsbereich O<sub>s</sub> aus den beiden Schnittpunkten S = (x*,y*) und Ŝ = (x*,-y*) der Kreisbögen K<sub>R</sub> und K<sub>v</sub>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>

<table class="wikitable sortable" style="vertical-align:middle; hyphens:auto; max-width:750px">

<tbody><tr>
<th>Beispiel
</th>
<th style="line-height:120%; width:50px" colspan="4"><a href="Bildwinkel" title="Bildwinkel">Bildwinkel</a> (ca.)<br>(sortiert nach<br>Maximum)
</th>
<th colspan="2">Größenvergleich
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="max-width:0">Gesamtes <a href="Gesichtsfeld_(Wahrnehmung)" title="Gesichtsfeld (Wahrnehmung)">Gesichtsfeld</a> des gesunden menschlichen Auges<br>horizontal<br>vertikal
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="50px">214°<br>130–150°
</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="3">
</td>
<td colspan="2">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="max-width:0">Von der Erdoberfläche aus gesehen nimmt ein <a href="Regenbogen" title="Regenbogen">Regenbogen</a> im Maximum einen Halbkreis ein.<br>horizontal<br>vertikal
</td>
<td colspan="2">84°<br>42°
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td style="max-width:0">Regenbogen mit 18-mm-<a href="Weitwinkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Weitwinkel">Weitwinkelobjektiv</a>.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="max-width:0">Eigene Faust mit ausgestrecktem Daumen am ausgestreckten Arm
</td>
<td colspan="2">10°
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td style="max-width:0"><a href="Winkelsch%C3%A4tzung" title="Winkelschätzung">Abschätzen von Winkeln</a> mit der Hand: 10°, 20°, 5°, 1°
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Andromedagalaxie" title="Andromedagalaxie">Andromedagalaxie</a> (fotografisch)
</td>
<td colspan="2">3,1°
</td>
<td colspan="2">186,2′<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td style="max-width:0">Fotomontage zum Größenvergleich mit dem Mond
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="max-width:0">Breite des eigenen Daumens am ausgestreckten Arm
</td>
<td colspan="2">1,5–2°
</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2">
</td>
<td colspan="2">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="max-width:0">Bereich scharfen Sehens beim Menschen
</td>
<td colspan="2">1°
</td>
<td colspan="2">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="max-width:0">Der Durchmesser des Vollmonds oder der <a href="Sonnenscheibe" title="Sonnenscheibe">Sonnenscheibe</a> von der Erde aus betrachtet.
</td>
<td colspan="2">0,53°
</td>
<td colspan="2">32′
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td style="max-width:0">Scheinbare Größe von Sonne und Mond im Vergleich
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="max-width:0">Der Durchmesser des <a href="Landoltring" title="Landoltring">Landoltrings</a> für einen <a href="Visus" class="mw-redirect" title="Visus">Visus</a> von 50&nbsp;%
</td>
<td rowspan="5">
</td>
<td colspan="2">10′
</td>
<td rowspan="5">
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Pferdekopfnebel" title="Pferdekopfnebel">Pferdekopfnebel</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2">8′
</td>
<td colspan="2">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kantenlänge des <a href="Hubble_Ultra_Deep_Field" title="Hubble Ultra Deep Field">Hubble Ultra Deep Field</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2">3′
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Tennisball in 100 m Entfernung
</td>
<td colspan="2">2,5′
</td>
<td colspan="2">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Venus_(Planet)" title="Venus (Planet)">Venus</a> in <a href="Untere_Konjunktion" title="Untere Konjunktion">unterer Konjunktion</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2">1,1′
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><a href="Venustransit" title="Venustransit">Venustransit</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Jupiter_(Planet)" title="Jupiter (Planet)">Jupiter</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2">
</td>
<td colspan="2">29,8–50,1″
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td style="max-width:0">Größenvergleich zum Mond
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Internationale_Raumstation" title="Internationale Raumstation">Internationale Raumstation</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
</td>
<td colspan="2">0,75′&nbsp;=&nbsp;45″<br><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td style="max-width:0">Größenvergleich zum Mond
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="max-width:0">Zum Vergleich: <a href="Aufl%C3%B6sungsverm%C3%B6gen" title="Auflösungsvermögen">Auflösungsvermögen</a> des bloßen menschlichen Auges unter idealen Bedingungen
</td>
<td colspan="2">0,5′ bis 1′
</td>
<td colspan="2">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Saturn_(Planet)" title="Saturn (Planet)">Saturn</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="4">
</td>
<td colspan="2">18,5″
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td style="max-width:0">Saturn im Vergleich zum Mond bei einer <a href="Okkultation" title="Okkultation">Okkultation</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Mars_(Planet)" title="Mars (Planet)">Mars</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2">13,9–24,2″
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td style="max-width:0">Größenvergleich zum Mond
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Merkur_(Planet)" title="Merkur (Planet)">Merkur</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2">4,5-13,0″
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td style="max-width:0">Merkurtransit vor der Sonne
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="max-width:0">Schwarzes Loch in der Galaxie <a href="Messier_87" title="Messier 87">Messier 87</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2">42 ± 3 µas
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td style="max-width:150px">wie ein Tennisball eines Astronauten auf dem Mond
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Strahlensatz" title="Strahlensatz">Strahlensatz</a></li>
<li><a href="Bildwinkel" title="Bildwinkel">Bildwinkel</a></li>
<li><a href="Sichtfeld" title="Sichtfeld">Sichtfeld</a></li>
<li><a href="Scheinriese" title="Scheinriese">Scheinriese</a>, literarisches Spiel mit dem Konzept</li>
<li><a href="Erzwungene_Perspektive" title="Erzwungene Perspektive">Erzwungene Perspektive</a>, fotografisches Stilmittel, das die menschliche Wahrnehmung von Größe gezielt ausnutzt</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Franz Pleier: <i>Der optimale Standort für einen Fotografen</i>. W-Seminararbeit am Kepler-Gymnasium Weiden/OPf., 2010</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Goldstein: <i>Wahrnehmungspsychologie – Der Grundkurs.</i> 9. Auflage, Springer Verlag Berlin / Heidelberg 2015, S.&nbsp;244.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siehe <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwds.de/wb/Gesichtswinkel"><i>Gesichtswinkel</i></a> im <a href="Digitales_W%C3%B6rterbuch_der_deutschen_Sprache" title="Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache">DWDS</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siehe <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Sehwinkel"><i>Sehwinkel</i></a> im <a href="Duden" title="Duden">Duden</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Eisner: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eisner-georg.ch/Andere/Perspektive/Perspektiven.pdf">Perspektive und Visuelles System – Wege zur Wahrnehmung des Raumes</a>.</i> S.&nbsp;120.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Messier%2031">simbad.u-strasbg.fr</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baader-planetarium.de/celestron-imaging-conference/htm-mond/iss-basis.htm">baader-planetarium.de</a></span>
</li>
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